Practice 1
O : 1. Smoking is relaxing and, therefore, enjoyable.
O : 2. Dr. Kathleen Parker, a well known cancer specialist, recently admitted in an interview,“Although I see the harmful effects of smoking nearly everyday in my work, I still enjoy relaxing with a cigarette after dinner.”
O : 3. Early in the next decade, more women than men will die of lung cancer, according to the American Cancer Society.
O : 4. Smoking is attracting more and more adults.
F : 5. According to a recent New York Times article, cigarette smoking is increasing among adults in their forties as well as among the college educated and those earning more than $35,000 annually.
O : 6. Red light runners must take a driver’s education class. Then they will become safer drivers.
O : 7. Red-light runners cause scores of accidents, including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in damages.
O : 8. Red-light runners should have their drivers licenses suspended for a period of time.
F : 9. Nationwide, the number of red-light running accidents increased 18 percent from 1991 through 1995. In 1991, 2,428 deaths resulted and in 1995, the number rose to 2,856.
Practice 1
Add punctuation to the following direct quotations. Change the capitalization if necessary.
1. Dr. Yixuan Ma, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said it is one of the most interesting phenomena we astrophysicist have ever studied.
Answer: Dr. Yixuan Ma, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes said, “It is one of the most interesting phenomena we astrophysicist have ever studied.”
2. As she explained in black holes the laws of nature do not seem to apply.
Answer: As she explained, “In black holes the laws of nature do not seem to apply.”
3. A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun explained Ms’s associate, Chun-Yi Su. Black holes are created by the death of a very large star she stated.
Answer: “A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun,” explained Ms’s associate, Chun-Yi Su, “black holes are created by the death of a very large star she stated.”
4. It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space she added with tremendous gravitational pull.
Answer: “It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space,” she added with tremendous gravitational pull.
5. According to Dr. Su, if a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces.
Answer: According to Dr. Su,” If a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces.”
6. Time will slow down for him as he approaches the event horizon she said and when he reaches the event horizon, time will stand still for him.
Answer: “Time will slow down for him as he approaches the event horizon,” she said, ”and when he reaches the event horizon, time will stand still for him.”
Practice 2 (Using Statistic) / Page 78
World’s Major Consumers of Primary Energy
According to statistics published by the U.S. Department of Energy, the world’s consumption of primary energy continued to increase in 1994 in quadrillion Btu’s. The three top consumers included the United States, China, and Russia. However, the largest consumer was United States. It used to consume 85.64 quadrillion Btu. Japan consumed 20.7 quadrillion Btu, whereas Germany consumed 13.87 quadrillion Btu. The countries that consumed less than 10 quadrillion Btu included India, United Kingdom, France, and Italy.
According to a USA Today survey, many costumers don’t concern about the amount of debt they have on credit card. The most costumer that doesn’t concern the debt is costumer who are over 60 years old with 81%, whereas 46-60 years-old-costumers are only 62 %. The costumers that overlook less than 50% included the 30-45 years-old-costumers and the under 30 years-old-customers.
According to a USA Today survey, many customer pay off all credit card bills every month. The over 60-years-old-customer are the most costumer who pay off by 87%. Then, the next high position, 68%, is 46-60 years-old-customers. Meanwhile, there are customers who pay off the bills less than 50%, the 30-45 years-old-customers and the under 30 years-old-customers.
Practice 2
1. Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said, “Not everyone can attend college in the traditional way: therefore, taking courses via television will offer many more students the chance to earn a college degree.”
Answer: Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said that not everyone could attend college in the traditional way: therefore, taking courses via television would offer many more students the chance to earn a college degree.
2. Pre-med student Alma Rodrigues said, “ I miss being on campus, but I have to work and take care of my family.”
Answer: Pre-med student Alma Rodrigues said that he miss being on campus, but he had to work and take care of his family.
3. Other students said, “Last year, we spent several hours a day commuting to and from school. Now, we don’t have to do that.”
Answer: Other student said that they had spent several hours a day commuting to and from school in the year before. Then, they didn’t have to do that.
4. Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated, “I can choose when to study and how to study without pressure. He also said, “I will take two more telecourses in the fall.”
Answer: Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated that he could choose when to study and how to study without pressure and he would take two more telecourses in the fall.
Practice 3
Artificial Languages
Since the time of Descrates, it is estimated that no fewer than five hundred attempts have been made to create artificial languages for international use. The most successful by far has been Esperanto, a language constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esperanto is a language that is extremely easy to learn and speak, with its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin, and Greek.
A more recent arrival on the international scene is Interlingua, scientifically construct by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance languages, and English. But whereas Esperanto has a large body of people who actually speak it scattered throughout the world, Interlingua has not yet achieved much popularity (Pei 175-176).
Paraphrase:
There are two kinds of artificial languages: Esperanto and Interlingua. Esperanto was created by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland in the end of the nineteenth century, whereas Interlingua was developed by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance languages, and English. Therefore, Esperanto was easier than Interlingua.
Artificial Languages-Objections
The main objection to constructed languages, like Esperanto or Interlingua, is that they have not developed all the thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning that natural languages have had a chance to work out for themselves over a period of many centuries: also. The artificial languages presented so far lean too heavily in the direction of the western European and American nations, and carry too little in the way of Slavic, Asiatic, and African words and habits of thought (Pei 176).
Paraphrase:
The lack of artificial languages, Esperanto and Interlingua are having a bit of knowledge as artificial languages still use the stodgy thought and belief habits of western European, American nations, and African.
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